Hantu Laut
Not that I agree with former PM Mahathir's take on the thorny issue of illegal immigrants in Sabah but it has become a laughable KDM politician's bogeyman every time elections is round the corner. A KDM pudding to win brownie point with KDM voters.
When the frogs were in power and busying themselves stripping state assets and looting the state resources there was no illegal immigrants problem then. Everything was hunky-dory.
Here, Mr Toad Bamburing called Mahathir a 'traitor' and forgets he is a village 'frog' equally to be blamed for Sabah woes. Why did he not called Mahathir a traitor when he was in the government?
Don't blame Mahathir, it is you Sabah politicians who have no balls to stand up against him when he was in power. What Sabah is today is the consequence of your cowardice and selfishness.
"The world is full of cravens who pretended to be heroes" George R.R.Martin in his "A Game Of Thrones"
If you haven't read the book watch the HBO tv series.
Self-serving cowards, the apt description of most Sabah politicians.
Showing posts with label Kadazans. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Kadazans. Show all posts
Sunday, August 12, 2012
Sunday, April 18, 2010
Kadazanpower, A Colonial Hangover
Hantu Laut
It takes all kinds to make the world go round.We are an island in the universe and a diminutive particle in God's greater scheme of things.We woke up in the morning as sure as the sunrise.Some, woke up with hangovers from the joy of intoxication.
Rarely, we woke up with..............aah...aah... a colonial hangover.
Some do.
Kadazanpower
- Gender: Female
- Astrological Sign: Leo
- Industry: Agriculture
- Occupation: Owner
- Location: Jesselton : North Borneo
About Me
Self-reliance, original, strong will power, witty and dignified, enjoy being around other go-getters, prone to self-centeredness and want to be first in all things, likeable, very persuasive...
Interests
Favorite Movies
What happened to Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia?
Did the 'Grinch', stole it for Tadau Kaamatan?
Monday, January 12, 2009
Is This Truly Our Country ? :Part II
Hantu Laut
The irony is, the certificate confirming one is a bumiputra had not escaped the covetousness of those with crooked mind. The certificate were well sought after by some Chinese businessmen who wanted to get their hands on cheap NT (Native Title) land.The racket involved paying bribes to ketua kampong(village chief) or native chief for him to swear that you were born in his kampong (village) and have known you from the day you were born.This government appointed ketua kampong would, without any shame, joyfully issue you with a Statutory Declaration confirming the lie, as long as you pay him some money.This sham became so widespread that the government had to withdraw the issuance of such certificate putting those who qualify in a dilemma.
The most serious threat to those who are truly Malaysians are the illegal immigrants that have been issued with Malaysian identity cards making them more bumiputras than the indigenous people.Some of them have been accepted as bumiputras and enjoy all the privileges of this highly sought-after status.In most major towns, Sabahans are overwhelmed by them. In some areas the ratio is so high one could feel the presence of being either in the Philippines or Indonesia.
The illegals came bringing with them their distasteful culture and disgusting social habits.In the past, before the mass migration of these aliens to this land, Sabahans need not lock the doors to their homes and cars.There may be some truth that crimes came with progress but it is even more true that crimes are the products of poverty rather than progress.The higher the rate of poverty the higher would be the crime rate.Undoubtedly, they have brought with them not only poverty but also a culture of crime.
Sabah has never had roadside stalls culture until the arrival of these illegal immigrants where rickety stalls of all shapes and sizes can be found on roadsides and on open spaces in town centre selling anything from fish,vegetables,fruits,cooked food to whatever they fancy they could sell.These stalls are dirty, unsightly,unhygienic and as illegal as the illegals themselves, most have no permit and erected the makeshift structure without proper approval from the relevant authorities.For some unknown reasons the authorities have turned a blind eye to this lawless behaviour.
Hawker's stalls have always been part of the culture and still are but there is a big difference between Sabah and the Philippines,Indonesia and Peninsula Malaysia where road side and outdoor stalls have always been part of the landscape.
In Sabah, in the past, most food stalls are found in Chinese coffee shops where they have proper running water, electricity,tables and chairs and a cleaner environment.It was not uncommon to find Malay food stall in the same coffee shop as Chinese food stall and sharing the same facilities.Such scenario can still be seen in some of the major towns in Sabah where people from different racial and religious background and varied social structure sharing the same food outlet without any social hangups and completely impervious to religious constraints.Sabah was the epitome of racial integration and religious tolerance. That's was before, things are slowly changing.
Muslims in Sabah have begun to follow their counterparts in the Peninsula in taking to more extreme views of Islamic teachings, restraining themselves from mixing freely with Malaysians of other faiths.This clique culture, mixing only with people of your own faith, is an obstacle to integration.This change of attitude was brought about by religious teachers brought over from Peninsula Malaysia. Whether it was an isolated case or a general trend among these religious teachers, a friend once told me that he was shocked when an ustaz told him Muslims are forbidden from visiting non-Muslim's house.
In Sabah there were many inter marriages among different faiths.Those who marry Muslims converted to Islam but still maintained strong link with their non-Muslim families.It is quite common to find Muslims ,Christians,Buddish and even atheists in one family brought together by marriages.Religion has never been an issue here and it is quite normal for Muslims to go to church to attend funerals or weddings of close friends or relatives.These are things that religious teachers from the Peninsula are not used to and looked upon with disdain.
For many Sabahans the fear of losing their birth rights and fear of the alien community taking over political and economic power in the future are real.There are as many aliens, if not more, as locals and one may ask whether this is truly our country or we have become refugees in our own land.
The promise to flush them out has fizzled out.It is 'All Quiet On The Sabah Front'.The future Prime Minister is now busy making new set of promises to the people of Trengganu and the Sabah politicians are back to their lairs and their seistas.
The irony is, the certificate confirming one is a bumiputra had not escaped the covetousness of those with crooked mind. The certificate were well sought after by some Chinese businessmen who wanted to get their hands on cheap NT (Native Title) land.The racket involved paying bribes to ketua kampong(village chief) or native chief for him to swear that you were born in his kampong (village) and have known you from the day you were born.This government appointed ketua kampong would, without any shame, joyfully issue you with a Statutory Declaration confirming the lie, as long as you pay him some money.This sham became so widespread that the government had to withdraw the issuance of such certificate putting those who qualify in a dilemma.
The most serious threat to those who are truly Malaysians are the illegal immigrants that have been issued with Malaysian identity cards making them more bumiputras than the indigenous people.Some of them have been accepted as bumiputras and enjoy all the privileges of this highly sought-after status.In most major towns, Sabahans are overwhelmed by them. In some areas the ratio is so high one could feel the presence of being either in the Philippines or Indonesia.
The illegals came bringing with them their distasteful culture and disgusting social habits.In the past, before the mass migration of these aliens to this land, Sabahans need not lock the doors to their homes and cars.There may be some truth that crimes came with progress but it is even more true that crimes are the products of poverty rather than progress.The higher the rate of poverty the higher would be the crime rate.Undoubtedly, they have brought with them not only poverty but also a culture of crime.
Sabah has never had roadside stalls culture until the arrival of these illegal immigrants where rickety stalls of all shapes and sizes can be found on roadsides and on open spaces in town centre selling anything from fish,vegetables,fruits,cooked food to whatever they fancy they could sell.These stalls are dirty, unsightly,unhygienic and as illegal as the illegals themselves, most have no permit and erected the makeshift structure without proper approval from the relevant authorities.For some unknown reasons the authorities have turned a blind eye to this lawless behaviour.
Hawker's stalls have always been part of the culture and still are but there is a big difference between Sabah and the Philippines,Indonesia and Peninsula Malaysia where road side and outdoor stalls have always been part of the landscape.
In Sabah, in the past, most food stalls are found in Chinese coffee shops where they have proper running water, electricity,tables and chairs and a cleaner environment.It was not uncommon to find Malay food stall in the same coffee shop as Chinese food stall and sharing the same facilities.Such scenario can still be seen in some of the major towns in Sabah where people from different racial and religious background and varied social structure sharing the same food outlet without any social hangups and completely impervious to religious constraints.Sabah was the epitome of racial integration and religious tolerance. That's was before, things are slowly changing.
Muslims in Sabah have begun to follow their counterparts in the Peninsula in taking to more extreme views of Islamic teachings, restraining themselves from mixing freely with Malaysians of other faiths.This clique culture, mixing only with people of your own faith, is an obstacle to integration.This change of attitude was brought about by religious teachers brought over from Peninsula Malaysia. Whether it was an isolated case or a general trend among these religious teachers, a friend once told me that he was shocked when an ustaz told him Muslims are forbidden from visiting non-Muslim's house.
In Sabah there were many inter marriages among different faiths.Those who marry Muslims converted to Islam but still maintained strong link with their non-Muslim families.It is quite common to find Muslims ,Christians,Buddish and even atheists in one family brought together by marriages.Religion has never been an issue here and it is quite normal for Muslims to go to church to attend funerals or weddings of close friends or relatives.These are things that religious teachers from the Peninsula are not used to and looked upon with disdain.
For many Sabahans the fear of losing their birth rights and fear of the alien community taking over political and economic power in the future are real.There are as many aliens, if not more, as locals and one may ask whether this is truly our country or we have become refugees in our own land.
The promise to flush them out has fizzled out.It is 'All Quiet On The Sabah Front'.The future Prime Minister is now busy making new set of promises to the people of Trengganu and the Sabah politicians are back to their lairs and their seistas.
Sunday, January 11, 2009
Is This Truly Our Country ? Part I
Hantu Laut
Bakri Musa, a Malaysian who lives in California often write about his native homeland, particularly on socio-political issues.
In his recent article "Minorities in America and Malaysia" he made profound and assertive embodiment of the failure of integration of the Chinese and Indians in Malaysia and migration of Malaysians Chinese and other Asians to Western nations.
Being the second largest group after the Malays I will confine the issue to Malaysian Chinese only.
Unlike Indonesia,Thailand and the Philippines where the Chinese have successfully integrated with the indigenous people including taking up and speaking the native tongue and adopting local names without losing their Chinese identity, language and culture. Malaysian Chinese have not been able to copy the form for many obvious reasons.
Not only the Chinese are to be blamed for the failure to integrate, the Malays and for that matter Islam played a big role in stifling integration of the races in this country.A Chinese can't adopt a Malay name because most Malays carry Muslim names.There is little, if any, vernacular Malay names that non-Muslims can use or allowed to use.
In Sabah and Sarawak, it is quite common to find natives of Christian and other faiths given Muslim names by their parents at birth.Using Muslim names not synonymous with the person's religion were common practices in Sabah and Sarawak and have existed from the colonial days when Islam had not taken its conservative form that we see today. Another and even bigger stumbling block to integration is that Chinese or any non-Muslim can't marry a Malay without first converting to Islam. Although Islam had, in a limited way, made some allowance for Muslim men to marry women of Catholicism without her converting to Islam at the point of marriage, in Malaysia this is not allowed.
Over-indulgence in protecting the image of Islam had also caused unnecessary rift between the Malays and other religions and communities.The ban by the government of the use of the word 'Allah' in a Catholic publication is a case in point.The over-sensitivity, lack of understanding and sheer arrogance of those in government spell disaster for integration.How can the government talk about integration of the races in this country when it can allow certain leaders in government to run amok and keep reminding the migrant races that they don't belong here.
In Indonesia, the biggest Islamic nation in the world, there is separation between religion and state.The government does not unnecessarily interfere in one's faith or imposes Islamic jurisdiction over the population.In fact Indonesia had more reason in doing so, eighty percent of its population are Muslims.
The Chinese in Malaysia is a big minority giving it enough muscles to flex and play important roles in the politics of the nation and given equitable representation in government.They have also successfully preserved the Chinese language and culture.
The insistence to preserve the language and culture in the education system had given rise to Chinese chauvinism.Many Chinese viewed the government education system as pathetically low in standard, which is not without basis with most government schools, if not all.Chinese-funded schools, somehow, seem to excel better than many government schools.Being economically better than majority of Malays the Chinese business community plays a big role in providing education for the community and in funding Chinese schools. For most Chinese, education for their children sits at the top of their priority list.
This fixation with the 'Chinese language and culture' have made some Chinese chauvinistic and don't see the need to learn the national language.For the older generation Chinese not being fluent in the Malay language is quite acceptable but for the younger generation there is absolutely no reason for not being able to speak the national language.
There is no true national identity in Malaysia.When overseas we identify ourselves as Malaysian only by the passport we hold and when we return home we returned back to being Malay,Chinese,Indian dan lain-lain(others).The identity card we have with particulars such as race and religion are more suited for a police state.They are reflections of the government's insecurity, divide and rule policy and to identify and separate the Malays from the non-Malays.
In everything that the government does more often than not they caused more racial polarisation than integration.You can't instill sense of belonging if you make people feel uneasy, that they don't own the place and keep telling them they are guests in this country.
In Sabah and Sarawak the situation is even more pathetic, many Chinese inter marry with Kadazans and produced offspring called Sino-Kadazan and those whose fathers are Chinese carry Chinese surname.The problem disappears when a Kadazam man marries a Chinese woman as the offspring would carry Kadazan surname which is more identifiable as being a bumiputra.
Most Sino-Kadazan with Chinese surnames were disallowed from buying ASB(Amanah SahamBumiputra) and own NT (Native Title)Land unless he has a certificate stating he is a bumiputra.There have been cases where children of such marriages were unable to inherit their parents' NT lands because of the stupidity of civil servants rather than the law.
Under the Sabah State Constitution it was clearly prescribed that a person with one of the parents indigenous to the state is constituted as bumiputra.
The irony is.........
To be continued.
Bakri Musa, a Malaysian who lives in California often write about his native homeland, particularly on socio-political issues.
In his recent article "Minorities in America and Malaysia" he made profound and assertive embodiment of the failure of integration of the Chinese and Indians in Malaysia and migration of Malaysians Chinese and other Asians to Western nations.
Being the second largest group after the Malays I will confine the issue to Malaysian Chinese only.
Unlike Indonesia,Thailand and the Philippines where the Chinese have successfully integrated with the indigenous people including taking up and speaking the native tongue and adopting local names without losing their Chinese identity, language and culture. Malaysian Chinese have not been able to copy the form for many obvious reasons.
Not only the Chinese are to be blamed for the failure to integrate, the Malays and for that matter Islam played a big role in stifling integration of the races in this country.A Chinese can't adopt a Malay name because most Malays carry Muslim names.There is little, if any, vernacular Malay names that non-Muslims can use or allowed to use.
In Sabah and Sarawak, it is quite common to find natives of Christian and other faiths given Muslim names by their parents at birth.Using Muslim names not synonymous with the person's religion were common practices in Sabah and Sarawak and have existed from the colonial days when Islam had not taken its conservative form that we see today. Another and even bigger stumbling block to integration is that Chinese or any non-Muslim can't marry a Malay without first converting to Islam. Although Islam had, in a limited way, made some allowance for Muslim men to marry women of Catholicism without her converting to Islam at the point of marriage, in Malaysia this is not allowed.
Over-indulgence in protecting the image of Islam had also caused unnecessary rift between the Malays and other religions and communities.The ban by the government of the use of the word 'Allah' in a Catholic publication is a case in point.The over-sensitivity, lack of understanding and sheer arrogance of those in government spell disaster for integration.How can the government talk about integration of the races in this country when it can allow certain leaders in government to run amok and keep reminding the migrant races that they don't belong here.
In Indonesia, the biggest Islamic nation in the world, there is separation between religion and state.The government does not unnecessarily interfere in one's faith or imposes Islamic jurisdiction over the population.In fact Indonesia had more reason in doing so, eighty percent of its population are Muslims.
The Chinese in Malaysia is a big minority giving it enough muscles to flex and play important roles in the politics of the nation and given equitable representation in government.They have also successfully preserved the Chinese language and culture.
The insistence to preserve the language and culture in the education system had given rise to Chinese chauvinism.Many Chinese viewed the government education system as pathetically low in standard, which is not without basis with most government schools, if not all.Chinese-funded schools, somehow, seem to excel better than many government schools.Being economically better than majority of Malays the Chinese business community plays a big role in providing education for the community and in funding Chinese schools. For most Chinese, education for their children sits at the top of their priority list.
This fixation with the 'Chinese language and culture' have made some Chinese chauvinistic and don't see the need to learn the national language.For the older generation Chinese not being fluent in the Malay language is quite acceptable but for the younger generation there is absolutely no reason for not being able to speak the national language.
There is no true national identity in Malaysia.When overseas we identify ourselves as Malaysian only by the passport we hold and when we return home we returned back to being Malay,Chinese,Indian dan lain-lain(others).The identity card we have with particulars such as race and religion are more suited for a police state.They are reflections of the government's insecurity, divide and rule policy and to identify and separate the Malays from the non-Malays.
In everything that the government does more often than not they caused more racial polarisation than integration.You can't instill sense of belonging if you make people feel uneasy, that they don't own the place and keep telling them they are guests in this country.
In Sabah and Sarawak the situation is even more pathetic, many Chinese inter marry with Kadazans and produced offspring called Sino-Kadazan and those whose fathers are Chinese carry Chinese surname.The problem disappears when a Kadazam man marries a Chinese woman as the offspring would carry Kadazan surname which is more identifiable as being a bumiputra.
Most Sino-Kadazan with Chinese surnames were disallowed from buying ASB(Amanah SahamBumiputra) and own NT (Native Title)Land unless he has a certificate stating he is a bumiputra.There have been cases where children of such marriages were unable to inherit their parents' NT lands because of the stupidity of civil servants rather than the law.
Under the Sabah State Constitution it was clearly prescribed that a person with one of the parents indigenous to the state is constituted as bumiputra.
The irony is.........
To be continued.
Tuesday, February 26, 2008
ARE THE KADAZANS BACK TO THEIR OLD ELEMENTS ?
Hantu Laut
Sabah will see one of the biggest tussle between BN, PKR and DAP.The biggest headache for BN is not the Mazu issue or the Chinese voters, it is the KDM (Kadazan Dusun Murut) electorates.
The three Kadazan based parties are not expected to do well in the coming polls due to widespread dissatifactions with their leaders for failure to address crucial issues. The loss of customary rights to their land, the perennial issue of illegal immigrants and the issuance of citizenship papers to illegal immigrants.
These contentious issues of illegal immigrants have made the local populace uncomfortable and suspicious of the motives of the Federal government for its refusal to find a permanent solution to resolve the problems. The state government had little power over the matters and the thorn have been in the flesh since the days of the USNO government.All subsequent governments including PBS, the Kadazan dominated government previously, had been unable to address the problem. The natives in Sabah consider the inaction of the Federal government as an exercise to further Malay hegemonic control over the state.
The issues of large tract of land given out to big companies is not a new issue but are problems created by the Kadazan leaders when they were in power. Thousands of acres of land earmarked to be given to smallholders by the then BERJAYA government were sold to Peninsula Malaysia based companies with financial benefits taken by those in power. Economic generators started by the BERJAYA government like SFI Paper Mill, Sponge Iron Plant and many others were sold to private companies from the Peninsula.
Yet the very man who destroyed Sabah's future together with his big brother when they were running the state and reputedly stole billions is now seen as a saviour of the KDM people through PKR, a Peninsula based party.
Sabah is now the biggest producer of palm oil and most big plantations are owned by Peninsula based companies giving the state very little left in term of cash revenue and investment resources. All financial transactions relating to this trade are done in Kuala Lumpur. Most Sabahans felt left out and deprived of the chance to enjoy the economic boom of the oil palm industry.
Most of the Kadazan leaders have little integrity and principle, with aptitude for kampong cunningness, rather than political shrewdness. History would repeat itself and the KDM will return to their old element of abandoning the BN through stealthy manipulations. The October 1990 state election was reminiscent of the brand of politics inherent in this community. PKR may win some seats in Sabah but are likely to lose all of it later to katak lumpat (party-hopping) if they can't form the next state government, which is an almost impossible task given the gerrymandered electoral boundaries.
The case of Jornah Mozihim, the assembly woman for Matunggong was an example of lack of integrity and principle of its President, Datuk Seri Pairin Kitingan who has written to her and confirmed in writing her candidacy.She was kicked out the last minute without her being given prior knowledge of the last minute change. The same goes with Tan Sri Bernard Dompok who shifted his party stalwart Donald Mojuntin, the incumbent for Penampang to Moyog and kicked out Philip Lasimbang from Moyog to ensure a safe seat for himself in Penampang.
The President of PBRS, Tan Sri Joseph Kurup must be the luckiest candidate.He went unopposed due to disqualification of the other two candidates. Kurup abandoned his constituency of Sook where he won by a slim majority of 395 in 2004 to escape from being slaughtered by Jeffery Kitingan in the forthcoming polls.He kicked out Bernard Maraat and took his seat. He was expected to lose if the seat was contested.
SUPP President Yong Tet Lee may have shot himself in the foot when he said he will retain all the incumbents of his party as they have done a good job and expected to get the Api-Api seat for himself which he failed to secure. He could have forced anyone of his boys to vacate a seat for him.He has shown chivairous principle by not doing what Dompok and Kurup did.
The political soothsayers predicted almost all the Kadazan leaders from the BN component parties including Joseph Pairin will have an uphill battle to retain their seats.
The KDM are back to their old elements. PKR is expected to capture significant number of seats from the Kadazan heartland but they are also predicted to abandon PKR for greener pasture.
Sabah will see one of the biggest tussle between BN, PKR and DAP.The biggest headache for BN is not the Mazu issue or the Chinese voters, it is the KDM (Kadazan Dusun Murut) electorates.
The three Kadazan based parties are not expected to do well in the coming polls due to widespread dissatifactions with their leaders for failure to address crucial issues. The loss of customary rights to their land, the perennial issue of illegal immigrants and the issuance of citizenship papers to illegal immigrants.
These contentious issues of illegal immigrants have made the local populace uncomfortable and suspicious of the motives of the Federal government for its refusal to find a permanent solution to resolve the problems. The state government had little power over the matters and the thorn have been in the flesh since the days of the USNO government.All subsequent governments including PBS, the Kadazan dominated government previously, had been unable to address the problem. The natives in Sabah consider the inaction of the Federal government as an exercise to further Malay hegemonic control over the state.
The issues of large tract of land given out to big companies is not a new issue but are problems created by the Kadazan leaders when they were in power. Thousands of acres of land earmarked to be given to smallholders by the then BERJAYA government were sold to Peninsula Malaysia based companies with financial benefits taken by those in power. Economic generators started by the BERJAYA government like SFI Paper Mill, Sponge Iron Plant and many others were sold to private companies from the Peninsula.
Yet the very man who destroyed Sabah's future together with his big brother when they were running the state and reputedly stole billions is now seen as a saviour of the KDM people through PKR, a Peninsula based party.
Sabah is now the biggest producer of palm oil and most big plantations are owned by Peninsula based companies giving the state very little left in term of cash revenue and investment resources. All financial transactions relating to this trade are done in Kuala Lumpur. Most Sabahans felt left out and deprived of the chance to enjoy the economic boom of the oil palm industry.
Most of the Kadazan leaders have little integrity and principle, with aptitude for kampong cunningness, rather than political shrewdness. History would repeat itself and the KDM will return to their old element of abandoning the BN through stealthy manipulations. The October 1990 state election was reminiscent of the brand of politics inherent in this community. PKR may win some seats in Sabah but are likely to lose all of it later to katak lumpat (party-hopping) if they can't form the next state government, which is an almost impossible task given the gerrymandered electoral boundaries.
The case of Jornah Mozihim, the assembly woman for Matunggong was an example of lack of integrity and principle of its President, Datuk Seri Pairin Kitingan who has written to her and confirmed in writing her candidacy.She was kicked out the last minute without her being given prior knowledge of the last minute change. The same goes with Tan Sri Bernard Dompok who shifted his party stalwart Donald Mojuntin, the incumbent for Penampang to Moyog and kicked out Philip Lasimbang from Moyog to ensure a safe seat for himself in Penampang.
The President of PBRS, Tan Sri Joseph Kurup must be the luckiest candidate.He went unopposed due to disqualification of the other two candidates. Kurup abandoned his constituency of Sook where he won by a slim majority of 395 in 2004 to escape from being slaughtered by Jeffery Kitingan in the forthcoming polls.He kicked out Bernard Maraat and took his seat. He was expected to lose if the seat was contested.
SUPP President Yong Tet Lee may have shot himself in the foot when he said he will retain all the incumbents of his party as they have done a good job and expected to get the Api-Api seat for himself which he failed to secure. He could have forced anyone of his boys to vacate a seat for him.He has shown chivairous principle by not doing what Dompok and Kurup did.
The political soothsayers predicted almost all the Kadazan leaders from the BN component parties including Joseph Pairin will have an uphill battle to retain their seats.
The KDM are back to their old elements. PKR is expected to capture significant number of seats from the Kadazan heartland but they are also predicted to abandon PKR for greener pasture.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)